The Greek Army suffered severe losses in this battle which lasted for 22 nights and days. The Turkish Army started to counter-attack the Allied Forces on 26 August to end the enemy occupation completely. The Turkish Army chased the defeated enemy forces and entered Izmir on 9 September Consequently, the Mudanya Armistice was signed on 11 October as a result of which the Allied Forces withdrew from the Turkish territories.
Following the Turkish War of Independence, not only the modern Turkish Republic was established, but also Mustafa Kemal was elected as the first President of the new Republic on 29 October He was elected to the Presidency for four consecutive terms. Important steps were taken in foreign policy at the same period. The founder of the Republic of Turkey and unforgettable and brave leader passed away in Istanbul on 10 November In , he served against the Italians in Libya and then in the Balkan Wars - He made his military reputation repelling the Allied invasion at the Dardanelles in This was particularly focused on resisting Greek attempts to seize Smyrna and its hinterland.
Victory over the Greeks enabled him to secure revision of the peace settlement in the Treaty of Lausanne. He established a single party regime that lasted almost without interruption until He launched a programme of revolutionary social and political reform to modernise Turkey. These reforms included the emancipation of women, the abolition of all Islamic institutions and the introduction of Western legal codes, dress, calendar and alphabet, replacing the Arabic script with a Latin one.
Therefore, the administrative ties with the Ottoman Empire were broken. The declaration of Republic was made on 29 October and Mustafa Kemal was unanimously elected as the first President of the Republic.
Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to Nation and Peace at home, peace in the world are the raising fundamentals of the Turkish Republic. Those reforms can be put under five main topics: 1. Social Reforms - Women were given equal rights with men - The Revolution of Headgear and Outfit 25 November - Closing of dervish lodges and shrines 30 November - The surname law 21 June - Abolishment of nicknames, pious and royal titles 26 November - Adoption of the International calendar, time and measurements 3.
Juridical Reforms - Abolishment of the Canon Law - Instating the new Turkish Civil Code and other legislation to suit secular order - 4. Educational and Cultural Reforms - Integration of education 3 March - Adoption of the new Turkish alphabet 1 November - Establishment of the Turkish Language and Historical Societies - Organization of the university education 31 May Economical Reforms - Abolishment of old taxation laws.
His chairmanship at that time, was equal to the Head of State and the Government combined. According to the Constitution Presidential elections held for every four years. He kept in contact with local authorities and directed them personally in every occasion.
In the capacity of the President of the Republic, he received the visiting foreign presidents, premiers, ministers and commanders with great respect and authority. He married with Latife Hanim on 29 January Together they had many trips around the country.
Their marriage lasted until 5 August He also had two children under his protection, Abdurrahim and Ihsan. He secured a good life and future for these children who survived. In , he donated his farms to the State Treasury and some of his real estate to Ankara and Bursa Municipality Councils.
He divided his inheritance among his sister, his adopted children and the Turkish Language and Historical Societies. He enjoyed reading, listening music, dancing, horse riding and swimming. He was very much interested in the Western Anatolian folk dance Zeybek, wrestling and listening to Rumelia songs.
He had great pleasure in playing black-gammon and billiards. He valued very much his horse Sakarya and his dog Fox. He had made up a very rich library of his own.
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