Recent critics have looked at literature to see what it might be saying about our lives in society, our political or power relations, gender roles, or sexuality. Below I have summarized some types of literary criticism you might consider when reading or writing about literature.
The Gavilan library website offers resources for students conducting research on literature. You will need a Gavilan library card to access this information and can apply for a card in person or online. The library also has a helpful website on Academic Research Guidelines that will help you identify legitmate sources for your research and avoid plagiarism.
Sociological criticism : Like historical criticism, sociological criticism examines literature in the cultural, economic, and political context in which it is written or received.
It thoughtfully groups those dealing out criticism along two axes — one is how well the person knows you; the other measures the rationality of their comments. The results sort those with negative advice on offer into four quadrants. They are taking a hard look at your work and are not loving it. Another group you should listen to.
Perhaps the trickiest group to identify. If scientists ignored relevant evidence which pertains to a particular case owing to some personal bias then it could be criticized. Based on scientific grounds are specific morality scientists can criticize it but on scientific capacity the choose not to do so because the morality itself is objectionable and also because it cannot be reconfirmed with the facts and it involves valuations which are opposite to know the logical evidence.
Science is concerned more with the relationship of means and ends rather than the desirability of ends. The only question about scientific activity is to confirm whether the means that is chosen can produce a result or not and if it can then why or if it cannot then why not. That is why scientists aim to prove with proof that if one wants to achieve something then he must not do other things. If one wants to achieve something or not will be a separate question altogether because telling people what they ought to do is not the concern of the scientific community.
When scientists are criticized by other scientists then the criticism can be very technical or specialized to scientists only that is why it may not be very easy to understand unless one is familiar with the technical terms of science.
Certain ground rules are followed for scientific criticism but every branch has its own rules and formats for criticism since science is about the search for truth which is what is on the scientists are considered not to be scientific. This type of Criticism is concerned with the rights and wrongs of ethics are values and norms of people who uphold about what is good and what is bad or rights and wrongs of the conditions that are faced by other people. Morality is primarily concerned with what is good and bad.
There are many forms of moral criticism like showing that actions which have taken place are incompatible or counterposing one set of values to another or even arguing that certain values are objectionable are certain values need to be adopted or rejected.
Moral criticism is based on the idea that people should be treated similarly in similar situations and the same norms should be applied to all the people in a similar situation. The exception proves that there exists a certain module which is an exception for some reason and such morality is assumed because human behavior would be unprecedented without it. That is why people hold to the clash and how consistency should be interpreted and modern criticism ranges from whether there should be the moral rule for the interpretation of the meaning of moral rules and the nature of its practical applicability.
This debate can be pursued formally or formally by various authorities of citizens. This type of Criticism is related to judging actions ideas related to the existence of God and whether they are good or bad for human beings. A religion would normally have Holy texts which serve as a guide to interpret the actions are inculcate the ideas and authentic them as good or bad. It is expected that people derived norms on how to develop in the word from these religious texts.
However, the language barrier may present itself while integrating sacred texts which is why clarification on them be required. Theologians often asked questions such as how do we know what God wants for human beings which are often tried to answer based on religious principles and laws and by divine inspiration by the route of prayer or meditation. Many religious authorities may criticize the behavior of people if it conflicts with the doctrine prescribed by the religious texts however the motive of religious criticism is important since if the criticism is offered in right spirit it can have a good effect rather than a negative effect.
Religious criticism is successful if the intention is clarified and if good and bad are separated clearly in such a way that people are convinced to follow the religion.
On the other hand, religious criticism is very difficult because the spiritual beliefs of people are very personal and attached to spiritual matters or personal meanings which are unusual and difficult to interpret. It is not logical to confirm a shared framework for shared interpretation because it is a very personal matter and it also, for a similar reason, requires a great deal of respect to approach a spiritual issue. This criticism is considered a scholar the only if it conforms to the standards prescribed by scholarly.
Before they consider the certain thing as a problem, a scholarly critic becomes familiar with the background literature and ensures that he cannot be accused offensive and inconsistent reasoning and he ensures that his arguments are fact-based relevant and the purpose and the motive are clear. This makes the argument strong and the criticism is difficult to refuse. Often scholarly criticisms are examined by others to find faults and suggest possible alternatives and in this way, they ensure to maintain the quality of criticism throughout.
An undeniable proof of rationality which cannot be refused by anyone is provided by scholarly Criticism and it is accepted as definitive by most of the people.
It is very difficult to provide such spectacular proves all the time but if many bright minds work on the same issue together, then they can develop criticism which may be hard to argue with. Multiple resources are taken to substantiate a scholarly criticism which can require perseverance and patience from the scholar. The primary aim of the scholarly critic is to improve the understanding of an issue with the help of research, overcoming every prejudice about the particular issue.
It is often seen that causes submit their own considerations to a public forum which evaluate the criticisms on pros and cons with the only aim to contribute to search for the truth and with the intent of understanding that criticism could be wrong.
Scholarly criticism is the one which ensures that one has an attitude of being open to criticism. It is debatable that what exactly is applicable according to the scholar is standards but participants from multiple academic disciplines usually operate with a decent amount of consensus as to what the standards are which in general terms are cheating, lying, misinformation etc.
Great respect for truth and honesty is desired for scholarly criticism and the communication which is adopted should be acceptable by the scholarly community.
Radical literally means to go to root, thus radical criticism means going back to the basics of the problem, on the other hand, revolutionary criticism aims to overthrow an existing idea and turn it upside down. Revolutionary criticisms are also used in ways which are previously unheard of and these criticisms are associated with youth or new generation for finding the identity amongst the older generation.
Fundamental assumptions are usually targeted by radical critics to show the ultimate reason why are a certain thing is true or false.
The concern is to determine what is the basis of something and for this reason, a radical critic is never satisfied with them superficial ideas. Status quo is questioned by them and they pursue the train of thought to its ultimate limits by asking why for every question. They are not satisfied until there is a complete answer to their puzzle and these criticisms may also be revolutionary since the results may overthrow the existing ideas and replace it with new perspectives. Revolutionary or radical criticism is often compared with political extremism but may not be the case every time since these types of Criticism main only proved to be exceedingly simple to prove that certain thing is true or false which is contradictory to the popular perception of people.
What is usually seen as extreme since it falls outside the normal way of saying things and if radical critics succeed in their case, then their idea may be accepted and in long run, it becomes a normal and mainstream idea.
Many ideas that people hold now were considered radical revolutionary sometime back. And it took time to change these ideas and become accepted by everyone. The difference between normal and radical is a small one and has to do very less with the content of ideas than the fact that whether they are accepted or not.
The radical critic may be regarded as an oddball in his days but later on, when the ideas are accepted, he will be regarded as a great thinker or even a genius. This may not be the cause every time since radical critics try hard but fail to prove the root of the matter and thus, they may be forgotten and people remember them only as troublemakers and not revolutionaries.
Some consider radical criticism to be a gamble since it may or may not justify. The other reason to consider it a gamble is it opens up an intense controversy which can go beyond radical critic to handle and also last for a long time. This is the reason why people become agitated when radical critic exposes the problem or propose a radical solution to it.
It requires an immense amount of courage since the associated backlash with it can be very hard to deal with. Scared radicals and sure that we can deal with the consequences of this Criticism. The criticism which is done for the sake of Criticism is called critical criticism. Librarians: ask dickinson. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge.
If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. Introduction This guide will help you locate criticism for Literature, Film, and Drama.
Literary Criticism Databases Literary criticism in essays shortened from their original published versions can be found in the first two databases.
Coverage: Gale products published through June Citations Only. Gale Literary Criticism Authoritative source of literary criticism, summarizing authors' lives and works. Includes excerpts from scholarly articles.
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